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''Glutinoglossum glutinosum'', commonly known as the viscid black earth tongue or the glutinous earthtongue, is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae (the earth tongues). Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it has been found in northern Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Although previously thought to exist in Australasia, collections made from these locations have since been referred to new species. ''G. glutinosum'' is a saprophytic species that grows on soil in moss or in grassy areas. The smooth, nearly black, club-shaped fruitbodies grow to heights ranging from . The head is up to long, and the stipes are sticky. Several other black earth tongue species are quite similar in external appearance, and many can be reliably distinguished only by examining differences in microscopic characteristics, such as spores, asci, and paraphyses. First described in 1796 as a species of ''Geoglossum'', the fungus has gone through several changes of genera in its taxonomic history. It was placed in its current genus, ''Glutinoglossum'', in 2013. ==Taxonomy== |2=''G. exiguum'' }} |2=''G. americanum'' }} |2=''G. heptaseptatum'' }} }} |caption=Cladogram showing phylogenetic relationships of ''Glutinoglossum'' species based on a four-gene dataset; from Hustad and Miller 2015.〔 }} The fungus was first officially described in 1796 as ''Geoglossum glutinosum'' by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, who proposed several defining characteristics, including the black color; the smooth, compressed, club-shaped head (''clavula'') with grooves; and the somewhat curved and glutinous stipe.〔 In 1908, Elias Judah Durand transferred it to ''Gloeoglossum'', a genus he circumscribed to contain species with paraphyses (filamentous, sterile cells interspersed between the asci) present as a continuous gelatinous layer on the stipe; ''Gloeoglossum'' has since been reduced to synonymy with ''Geoglossum''.〔 In 1942 Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai thought the species should be in ''Cibalocoryne'', a genus name used earlier by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky,〔 and so published ''Cibalocoryne glutinosa''.〔 Later authors thought ''Cibalocoryne'' to be ambiguous, and the name was synonymized with ''Geoglossum''.〔〔〔 Persoon also described the species ''Geoglossum viscosum'' (1801)〔 and the variety ''Geoglossum glutinosum'' var. ''lubricum'' (1822),〔 but both of these taxa were placed into synonymy with ''G. glutinosum'' by Elias Judah Durand in 1908.〔 The species was transferred by Vincent Hustad and colleagues to the newly created genus ''Glutinoglossum'' in 2013 when molecular analysis revealed that it and the species ''G. heptaseptatum'' formed a well-defined clade in the Geoglossaceae.〔 In 2015, Hustad and Andrew Miller published an emended description of ''G. glutinosum'' with a narrower range of spore dimensions, suggesting that material collected in Australia and New Zealand represent unique species, which they referred to ''G. australasicum'' and ''G. exiguum''. These species, along with ''G. americanum'' and ''G. methvenii'', were added to ''Glutinoglossum'' in 2015. Hustad and Miller noted their new spore size range for ''G. glutinosum'' were more closely aligned with those given by Durand in his measurements of Persoon's type specimen.〔 The specific epithet ''glutinosum'' is derived from the Latin word ''gluten'', meaning "glue".〔 The species is commonly known as the "viscid black earth tongue"〔 or the "glutinous earthtongue".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glutinoglossum glutinosum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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